An unbalanced force that influences the motion of an object will cause it to experience an acceleration ( a ). If such an object is opposed by some equal and opposite force ( F ), it will move with a constant velocity ( v ). Maintenance of this type of motion requires energy ( JContinue reading “SOLIDS: The Potential Energy of a Spring”
Author Archives: George Walker
SOLIDS: Elasticity
When a force is applied to an object, it responds in a manner that is dependent upon its molecular composition. Some objects are easily ( and permanently ) deformed by forces applied to them. In other cases, an object will recoil and return to its original form after being temporarily deformed by a force. ObjectsContinue reading “SOLIDS: Elasticity”
SOLIDS: The Size of Atoms
Prior to advances in x-ray scattering technology, creativity and mathematics were the tools used to estimate the size of atoms. As it turns out, the accuracy of such estimates was best when information about solids was used in calculations. Since solids and liquids can only be compressed to a negligible extent, we are at libertyContinue reading “SOLIDS: The Size of Atoms”
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS: Magnetism and the Magnetic Field
The concept of “ free space “ may be visually appealing to the senses, but this perception very rarely ( if ever ) describes any meaningful description of any region of space. This argument can easily be confirmed with objects as simple as paper clips and refrigerator magnets. Under the right conditions, seemingly magical forcesContinue reading “INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS: Magnetism and the Magnetic Field“
SOLIDS: Determining the Mass of a Golden Sphere
Q: Gold has an atomic mass of 197 amu. If a golden sphere has a diameter of 0.10 m, how many atoms does it contain? A: In order to determine what volume ( V ) is occupied by the sphere, we must obtain a value for the sphere’s radius ( r ). Fortunately, the radiusContinue reading “SOLIDS: Determining the Mass of a Golden Sphere”
SOLIDS: The mole and Avogadro’s Number
Imagine a world where dollars can be seen with the naked eye, but pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters are invisible. In this world, you are assigned the task of giving a presentation where, somehow or another, dollars replace pennies as the smallest unit of currency. The relationships between the aforementioned currencies will take on theContinue reading “SOLIDS: The mole and Avogadro’s Number”
HEAT AND THERMAL ENERGY: The Calorimeter
The process of accurately determining the specific heat capacity ( c ) of a substance is dependent upon minimal heat ( Q ) losses occurring within a system’s frame of reference. A calorimeter is designed so that such losses are negligible to the extent that they can be ignored. Consider the diagram below: A thinContinue reading “HEAT AND THERMAL ENERGY: The Calorimeter”
HEAT AND THERMAL ENERGY: Specific Heat Capacity Determination
Q: A quantity of lead shots weighing 100 g are placed in a beaker full of boiling water. After the shots reach a temperature of 100.0 ℃, they are transferred to a vessel that contains 100 g of water at 20.0 ℃. After sitting for some time, the water cools to an equilibrium temperature ofContinue reading “HEAT AND THERMAL ENERGY: Specific Heat Capacity Determination”
HEAT AND THERMAL ENERGY: Specific Heat vs. Specific Heat Capacity
Although similar, the terms “ specific heat “ and “ specific heat capacity “ are not synonymous. Different materials have different abilities to absorb and store heat energy ( J ). Specific heat capacity refers to the amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 kilogram ( kg ) of a specific substance by 1Continue reading “HEAT AND THERMAL ENERGY: Specific Heat vs. Specific Heat Capacity”
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS: DC Motors
We have seen how a conducting wire moving with respect to an electric field ( B ) will experience forces upon its electrons. Consider the diagram below: Due to the proper ( perpendicular ) alignment of the loop and magnetic field, the maximum amount of DC current will be produced; however the voltages and currentsContinue reading “INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS: DC Motors”
